What are the two main design objectives of roadways in relation to crashes?

The two main design objectives of roadways in relation to crashes focus primarily on reducing fatalities and serious injuries resulting from traffic incidents. The concept of making crashes "avoidable" emphasizes implementing design elements that prevent accidents from occurring in the first place. This can involve features such as proper signage, effective traffic control measures, and safe road layouts.

Additionally, describing crashes as "otherwise survivable" highlights the importance of designing roadways to minimize the severity of injuries if crashes do happen. This can be achieved through the use of safety barriers, pedestrian zones, and advanced vehicle technology that work to protect occupants and reduce the risk of death.

In contrast, the other options address elements that may be related to roadway design but do not directly tackle the primary objective of minimizing crash severity and ensuring safety for all road users. For example, while being cost-effective or environmentally friendly is important for overall project planning, it does not take precedence over road safety concerns. Similarly, minimal disruption and efficient traffic flow focus more on operational efficiency rather than safety outcomes.